In Volume 2, Christopher Alexander explores the evolutionary process of creating “life” in design through incremental, “structure-preserving transformations”—small changes that maintain the coherence of prior steps. He contrasts these with "structure-destroying transformations" common in modern architecture. Alexander argues that a skilled designer uses transformations to introduce depth, guided by 15 geometric properties, and sympathizes with architects limited by industrialized processes that prevent creating structures with life, reflecting deeper systemic issues in modern building practices.